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60 pictures and 128 papers on the phagocyte: the pictures by method, the papers by section. A picture opens large on a click and goes to its paper on a second. Every PMID phago.site cites (557) is checked against PubMed for retractions at each build: none found.

Electron microscopy 12

Scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage, colorized in Halloween colors. Stay safe and have a Happy Halloween! Credit: NIAID

NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) · CC BY 2.0

Transmission electron microscope image of thin section cut through an area of mammalian lung tissue. Image shows golgi in the cytoplasm of a macrophage in the alveolus. Golgi is a structure involved in protein transport in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Louisa Howard / Rippel Electron Microscopy Facility, Dartmouth College · Public domain

Morphological features of human MDMs after 24 h of in vitro treatment with Eucalyptus oil. a-f, phase-contrast microscopy after Wright Giemsa staining: a, d, untreated control; b, e, MDMs stimulated with 0.1 μg/ml of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); c, f, MDMs treated with 0.016% Eucalyptus oil; a, b, c, original magnification: 20×;d, e, f, original magnification: 40×. g-l, Scanning electron microscopy of untreated (g, j), LPS treated (h, k) and Eucalyptus oil treated MDMs (i, l). Bars: 20 μm.

Serafino A, et al. Stimulatory effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on innate cell-mediated immune response. BMC Immunol. 2008;9:17. PMID: 18423004 · CC BY 2.0

Electron microscopy analysis. Mtb lacking PDIM is much less frequently present in the cytosol. Human lymphatic endothelial cells were infected with Mtb WT, Mtb ΔPDIM or Mtb ΔPDIM::PDIM for 5 + 24 h and fixed. The samples were processed for resin embedding and then transmission electron microscopy was used to look at the subcellular localisation of Mtb. Three potential localisations were considered and classified. a–c Cytosolic (defined as no obvious host membrane surrounding bacteria outside the bacterial capsule-like material visible on the surface). d–f Phagosomal (defined as bacteria enclosed in a single membrane-bound organelle). Most of these are larger (membrane-bound) vacuoles, often with more than one Mtb cell as well as additional irregular membranes and contents in various stages of degradation, typical for phagolysosomes. Arrowheads indicate the phagosomal/phagolysosomal limiting membrane. g–i Autophagic. In this case, the bacteria and surrounding cytoplasm are enclosed by either single or multiple membranes that are mostly poorly preserved. Scale bars are 500 nm.

Lerner TR, et al. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates promote access to the cytosol and intracellular burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymphatic endothelial cells. BMC Biol. 2018;16:1. PMID: 29325545 · CC BY 4.0

Aging dampens phagocytic activity in monocyte derived macrophages. (A) Experimental design of human MDMs phagocytic activity assay. (B, C) Flow cytometry quantification of pHrodo-E. coli phagocytosis in MDMs from young and elderly donors (n = 6 each). (D, E) Flow cytometry quantification of fluorescence-labeled latex beads phagocytosis in MDMs from young and elderly donors (n = 7 each). (F) Percentage of MDMs phagocytosing 3 or more beads in both group (n = 7 each). (G) Representative confocal microscopy images showing intracellular localization of phagocytosed fluorescence-latex beads in hMDMs. (H) Experimental design of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity assay. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested 4 h post-injection of pHrodo-E. coli. (I) Example of large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs, CD11b+, F4/80hi) and small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs, CD11b+, F4/80lo) in flow cytometry assay. (J) Flow cytometry quantification of pHrodo-E. coli containing SPM in young and old mice (n = 5 each). (J) Quantification of pHrodo-E. coli containing LPM in young and old mice (n = 5 each). All data are mean +/- SEM. Two-tailed, unpaired Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank test (C, E, F, J, K): * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Wang, Xu, Shen et al 2026, Aging Cell · CC BY 4.0

Scanning electron microscopy of J774A.1 cells secreting PEVs. The J774A.1 cell line was stimulated with a small amount of E. coli SBMF stabilized with FN, distributed as a substrate on the cell culture surface, for 2 h of interaction. ( A ) The results occasionally show cells with a normal or unstimulated appearance; this result suggests that those cells that did not come into contact with the substrate showed fewer PEVs, indicated by arrows. ( B - D ) Cells that came into contact with the substrate generally changed their morphology and exhibited PEVs. ( E - H ) Stimulated J774A.1 PEVs. Scale bar ( A - H ) 1 um. ( I ) Schematic image illustrates a biopsy of a submandibular lymph node, erased by metastatic histiocytic sarcoma, large scale 20 um and short scale 1 um, based on Purzycka et al. 2020.

Sierra-López, Bernardo-Hernández, Baylón-Pacheco et al 2026, International Journal of Molecular Sciences · CC BY 4.0

Ultrastructural analysis of M. abscessus infection in THP-1 cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of THP-1 cells differentiated with PMA and infected with M. abscessus smooth morphotype (S form) at a multiplicity of infection of 10:1. (A) Uninfected THP-1 cell showing a few extracellular bacilli. (B) At 4 h post-infection, M. abscessus S bacilli are enclosed within phagosomes characterized by tightly apposed phagosomal membranes and close association with mitochondria. (C) At 24 h post-infection, phagosomal membranes occasionally display irregularities or partial breaks, suggesting potential phagosome-cytosol communication. Nevertheless, most bacilli remain enclosed within phagosomal compartments, and some exhibit signs of intracellular division. An electron-translucent zone (ETZ), characteristic of the smooth morphotype and associated with surface glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), is observed surrounding the bacilli.

Singh, Berdal, Deflandre et al 2026, EMBO Reports · CC BY 4.0

mcr-3-modified E. coli impair phagolysosomal maturation. (A-B) Growth of 299 and mcr-3 strains in LB adjusted to pH 1-7 for 12 h. Cultures were adjusted to a McFarland standard of 0.5, diluted 1:100, and incubated at the indicated pH; bacterial viability was determined by serial dilution plating (n = 4 independent experiments). (C) Heatmap of DEGs related to phagolysosomal maturation in infected macrophages (n = 3 independent experiments). (D-G) RAW264.7 cells infected with 299 or mcr-3 (MOI = 1:20, 6 h) were analyzed by confocal microscopy for colocalization of bacteria with EEA1 (early endosome marker) or LAMP1 (lysosome marker) (n = 18 cells per group from three independent experiments). Scale bar, 10 um. (H-I) Western blot analysis of P65 and p-P65 expression in RAW264.7 cells infected with 299 or mcr-3 at an MOI of 1:20 for 1 h; extracellular bacteria removed by gentamicin, and cell lysates were collected at 12 h post-gentamicin treatment for immunoblotting, with GAPDH used as the loading control (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are shown as the mean +/- SEM.

Tan, Yin, Sun et al 2026, PLOS Pathogens · CC BY 4.0

Ultrastructural features of MNP-containing vacuoles and associated remodeling of degradative vacuolar hubs with autophagic features. (A-F) Representative TEM images of human monocytes exposed to MNPs at 24 or 72 h. (A) MNP-containing phagosome surrounded by multilamellar membrane structures (lamellar whorls; arrow). (B) Multiple intracellular MNP-containing vacuoles (arrows), displaying heterogeneous morphology and electron density. (C) Prominent multilamellar body (arrow) adjacent to MNP-containing compartments. (D) Coexistence of MNP-containing phagosomes (arrows) with vacuolar structures of variable size and content, including early and late phagolysosomal compartments. (E) Giant degradative vacuolar compartment (arrow) resembling an autolysosome/phagolysosome, containing heterogeneous material including organelles and electron-dense debris. (F) Overview of a cell displaying extensive accumulation of MNP-containing vacuoles (arrows) and enlarged vacuolar compartments. Red asterisks indicate MNPs; N, nuclei.

Pezzana, Broggiato, Limanaqi et al 2026, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

RAB5c depletion impairs LAP. ( A ) mCh-RAB5c MFI at phagosomes (n = 12) of RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym (see movie S1). ( B ) CLEM analysis of Op-zym+ phagosome in RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells. Left: Fluorescence image. Middle: overlay (bottom) and corresponding TEM cross section (top). Right: Magnified inset; arrows indicate single membrane. Scale bars, 5 um (left and middle) and 1 um (right). ( C ) Confocal images of RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells stimulated with Op-zym, IgG-beads, or BSA-beads for 5 min. Insets fluorescence intensity (show as RAINBOW LUT). Scale bar, 5 um. DIC, differential interference contrast. ( D and E ) Confocal images (D) and mCh-LC3B MFI at phagosomes (E) for RAW264.7 cells expressing scrambled shRNA (sh_Ctrl) or indicated shRNAs (#1; #2) fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 5 um. ( F to H ) Confocal images (F) and MFI of LC3 at phagosomes for RAW264.7 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c fed Op-zym. Scale bars, 5 um. ( I ) Immunoblot of LC3A/B, RAB5a/b/c, EEA1, UNC93B1 (loading control), and GM130 (purification control) in IgG-bead- or BSA-bead-containing phagosomes purified from RAW264.7 cells expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c. Mr, relative molecular mass. ( J and K ) Confocal images (shown as FIRE LUT) (J) and LAMP1 MFI at phagosomes (K) for RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 10 um. ( L and M ) MFI (L) and percentage (M) of Op-pHrodo-zym in RAW264.7 cells analyzed by flow cytometry. ( N ) MFI of opsonized DQ-BSA-coated beads in RAW264.7 cells. Colored symbols [(A), (E), (G), (H), and (K)] or bars [(L) to (N)] represent means of biological replicates, each indicated as a gray (phagosome) or white (sample) object. Shaded area (A) or error bars, +/-SEM. Statistical comparison between groups are unpaired Student's t test. Data are pooled from two (A) or three [(E), (G), (H), and (K)] independent experiments or are representative of four (I), three [(L) and (M)], or two (N) independent experiments. *, phagosomes; N, nuclei.

Freitas-Filho, Zaidan, Alzamora-Terrel et al 2025, Science Advances · CC BY 4.0

RAB5c depletion impairs LAP. (A) mCh-RAB5c MFI at phagosomes (n = 12) of RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym (see movie S1). (B) CLEM analysis of Op-zym+ phagosome in RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells. Left: Fluorescence image. Middle: overlay (bottom) and corresponding TEM cross section (top). Right: Magnified inset; arrows indicate single membrane. Scale bars, 5 um (left and middle) and 1 um (right). (C) Confocal images of RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells stimulated with Op-zym, IgG-beads, or BSA-beads for 5 min. Insets fluorescence intensity (show as RAINBOW LUT). Scale bar, 5 um. DIC, differential interference contrast. (D and E) Confocal images (D) and mCh-LC3B MFI at phagosomes (E) for RAW246.7 cells expressing scrambled shRNA (sh_Ctrl) or indicated shRNAs (#1; #2) fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 5 um. (F to H) Confocal images (F) and MFI of LC3 at phagosomes for RAW264.7 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c fed Op-zym. Scale bars, 5 um. (I) Immunoblot of LC3A/B, RAB5a/b/c, EEA1, UNC93B1 (loading control), and GM130 (purification control) in IgG-bead or BSA-bead-containing phagosomes purified from RAW264.7 cells expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c. Mr, relative molecular mass. (J and K) Confocal images (shown as FIRE LUT) (J) and LAMP1 MFI at phagosomes (K) for RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 10 um.

Freitas-Filho, Zaidan, Alzamora-Terrel et al 2026, Science Advances · CC BY 4.0

RAB5c depletion impairs LAP. (A) mCh-RAB5c MFI at phagosomes (n = 12) of RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym. (B) CLEM analysis of Op-zym+ phagosome in RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells. Left: Fluorescence image. Middle: overlay (bottom) and corresponding TEM cross section (top). Right: Magnified inset; arrows indicate single membrane. Scale bars, 5 um (left and middle) and 1 um (right). (C) Confocal images of RAW264.7-mCh-RAB5c cells stimulated with Op-zym, IgG-beads, or BSA-beads for 5 min. Scale bar, 5 um. DIC, differential interference contrast. (D and E) Confocal images (D) and mCh-LC3B MFI at phagosomes (E) for RAW246.7 cells expressing scrambled shRNA (sh_Ctrl) or indicated shRNAs (#1; #2) fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 5 um. (F to H) Confocal images (F) and MFI of LC3 at phagosomes for RAW264.7 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c fed Op-zym. Scale bars, 5 um. (J and K) Confocal images (shown as FIRE LUT) (J) and LAMP1 MFI at phagosomes (K) for RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym. Scale bar, 10 um. Error bars, +/-SEM. *, phagosomes; N, nuclei.

Freitas-Filho, Zaidan, Alzamora-Terrel et al 2026, Science Advances · CC BY 4.0

Immunostaining and fluorescence 13

Immunohistochemical analysis of histiocytic sarcoma. (A) Neoplastic cells positive for CD68 (IHC×200), (B) Ki-67 labeling index was about 30% (IHC×200).

Li M, et al. Gastric histiocytic sarcoma: a case report and literature review. Front Surg. 2026;13:1884156. PMID: 42609495 · CC BY 4.0

Sequential stages of phagosome maturation can also be identified by monitoring rhodopsin in macrophages challenged with POS. J774A.1 macrophages seeded onto Transwell® membrane inserts were challenged with POS for 1 h, washed to remove unbound POS, chased for 2 h at 37°C and processed for cryo-immuno-electron microscopy. Ultrathin sections were double labelled for rhodopsin with antibodies against the C-terminal epitope (1D4; PAG, 10 nm) and N-terminal epitope (RET-P1; PAG, 15 nm). (A) Double-labelled ROS at the plasma membrane. (B) A double-labelled early phagosome (earlyP). (C) A maturing phagosome (matP) containing only very little 1D4 on some discs. (D) A phagolysosome (PL) containing disorganised discs where RET-P1 has started to be degraded. Scale bars: 200 nm (A,C), 100 nm (B,D). Black and white arrows indicate rhodopsin labelling with RET-P1 and 1D4, respectively.

Wavre-Shapton ST, et al. Phagosome maturation during endosome interaction revealed by partial rhodopsin processing in retinal pigment epithelium. J Cell Sci. 2014;127:3852-61. PMID: 25074813 · CC BY 3.0

Efferocytic capacity of bone marrow-derived and hepatic Mf from Mdr2-/- mice. (A and B) (A) Representative images, and (B) FACS plots from liver Mf and graphs reporting the frequency of Mdr2+/+ and Mdr2-/- Mf differentiated from the bone marrow (BMDMs) or isolated from the liver (liver Mf), engulfing in vitro apoptotic thymocytes (aT) or apoptotic hepatocytes (aH) upon 45 min or 120 min coculture. Efferocytic Mf are identified as CD11b+ F4/80

Al Jawazneh A, et al. Bile acid retention in efferocytic macrophages shapes their inflammatory status during cholangitis. J Exp Med. 2026;223:e20241384. PMID: 42334420 · CC BY 4.0

Mixed rat brain cultures stained for coronin 1a, found in microglia here in green, and alpha-internexin, in red, found in neuronal processes.

GerryShaw (Wikimedia Commons); antibodies and image by EnCor Biotechnology Inc. · CC BY-SA 3.0

The engulfment and digestion of TNF-alpha in Anti-TNF-alpha CAR-M. (A) Representative confocal images of the colocalization of Cy5-labeled-TNF-alpha (red) and CAR (green) on BMDMs. The BMDMs were transfected with the plasmids of anti-TNF-alpha CAR-M, nsCAR-M for 72 h, after a 2 h-incubation with 20 ng/mL TNF-alpha, cells were labeled with anti-HA antibody. Scale bar represents 5 um. (B) The fluorescence intensity of TNF-alpha and CAR in (A) was quantified by ImageJ software. n = 3. Data are shown as mean +/- S.E.M. (C) Representative confocal images showing TNF-alpha uptake and degradation stages. CAR-M were treated with 20 ng/mL Cy5-TNF-alpha for 12 h and washed with fresh medium after incubation, TNF-alpha and LAMP1 in CAR-M were stained with respective antibodies at different times and imaged by confocal microscopy. Scale bar represents 5 um. (D) TNF-alpha levels in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA following CQ treatment. n = 3. (E) Flow cytometric measurement of MerTK and TNF-alpha in anti-TNF-alpha CAR-M or nsCAR-M. (F) The activation of Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA. (G) Quantitative analysis of the results shown in (F). n = 3.

Wang, Zhu, Liu et al 2026, Theranostics · CC BY 4.0

Aa co-distributes with Cellugyrin. TDMWT and TDMCg- were inoculated with Aa (MOI of 1:100) for 1 h and treated as described in the Methods. (A) Representative multi-fluor confocal images showing Aa (pseudocolored-cyan), cellugyrin (red), and nuclei (pseudocolored-cyan) with 2 um by 2 um volumetric reconstruction around Aa. Data in (B) represent raw cellugyrin fluorescence intensity around the Aa. Data in (B) are presented as mean +/- standard error of the mean (5 Aa per each of three biological replicates were analyzed, for n = 15) and analyzed using Student's t-test (****, p < 0.0001).

Kim, Schneider, Defreitas et al 2026, Pathogens · CC BY 4.0

ANXA2-dependent phagocytosis drives the generation of AR+ TAMs. (A) Representative confocal microscopy images showing the uptake of GFP-labeled tumor cells by macrophages (stained with F4/80, red; nuclei stained with DAPI, blue). White arrows indicate engulfed cells. Scale bar = 20 um. (B) Representative flow cytometry plots identifying GFP+ cells gated from F4/80+ macrophages, defining the TCNPMs and TCPMs. (C) WB analysis evaluating the protein levels of AR, CLTC, LIPA, LAPTM5, and LAMP2 in TCNPMs and TCPMs. (D) Mass spectrometry spectrum identifying ANXA2. (E) Flow cytometry analysis of GFP+ cells within the F4/80+ gate following ANXA2 knockdown (KD-1 and KD-2) versus negative control (NC). (F) Quantification of the percentage of GFP+ cells from (E). (G) Confocal microscopy images visualizing macrophage phagocytic capacity in NC and ANXA2-deficient groups. Staining included GFP (green), F4/80 (red), and DAPI (blue), with white arrows pointing to internalized cells. Scale bar = 40 um. (H) Quantification of phagocytosing macrophage populations per microscopic field. (I) WB analysis of ANXA2, AR, and phagocytosis-associated proteins (CLTC, LIPA, LAPTM5, LAMP2) in macrophages subjected to ANXA2 knockdown.

Luo, Luo, Li et al 2026, Advanced Science · CC BY 4.0

Macrophages and their subtypes in PV lesional tissues. Representative confocal microscopic images of M1 and M2 macrophages in control and PV tissue. (a) M1 phenotypic cells are shown as cells which are CD68+ (green) and iNOS+ (red). Tissue sections were stained with primary antibody CD68 conjugated with anti-mouse FITC labelled secondary antibody (green), primary antibody iNOS conjugated with anti-rabbit Alexa fluor 550 labelled secondary antibody (red) and DAPI mounting media =blue. The dilution used for CD68 was standardised at 1:100 and for iNOS at 1:200. Images were captured at 40x magnification. Scale bar= 50 um. (b) M2 phenotypic cells are shown as cells which are CD68+ (green) and CD163+ (red). Tissue sections were stained with primary antibody CD68 conjugated with anti-mouse FITC labelled secondary antibody (green), primary antibody CD163 conjugated with anti-rabbit Alexa fluor 550 labelled secondary antibody (red) and DAPI mounting media =blue. The dilution used for CD163 was standardised at 1:200. Images were captured at 60x magnification. Scale bar= 100 um. (c-e) Column bar graph representing MFI (mean fluorescent intensity) of macrophages and their subtypes calculated using ImageJ software. ***p<0.001, **p<0.005, *p<0.05, n= 10.

Hooda, Singh, Khandpur et al 2026, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

Phagocytosis assay of macrophages with different phenotypes and their co-culture with neurons. (A) Representative fluorescence images showing microsphere uptake by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with different phenotypes (M0, M1, M2, and Mi). Scale bar = 100 um. (B) Quantification of phagocytic activity based on mean fluorescence intensity of engulfed microspheres. (C) Schematic illustration of the macrophage-neuron co-culture assay. Differently induced BMDMs were co-cultured with primary neurons for 24 h. (D) Representative confocal images of primary neurons after co-culture with macrophages under the indicated conditions. Neurons were immunostained for MAP2 (red). Scale bar = 100 um. (E) Quantitative analysis of relative MAP2 immunofluorescence intensity and number of neurons demonstrated significantly reduced levels in the M1 macrophage group compared to the other groups. In contrast, neurons co-cultured with Mi (LPS/IL-4/TGF-beta-stimulated) macrophages exhibited MAP2 immunointensity and number of neurons comparable to the M0 and M2 groups, with no significant decrease in neuronal preservation observed in the Mi group. Data are expressed as mean +/- SD (n = 5/group; one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. ns: not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001).

Zha, Zheng, Wang et al 2026, Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · CC BY 4.0

P. gingivalis infection impairs the intracellular bacteria clearance in macrophages through MCU-mediated Ca2+ overload. (A) Representative fluorescence images showing the levels of the cytosolic Ca2+ (Fluo-4 AM, green) in control and P. gingivalis-infected macrophages. (B) Quantification of Fluo-4 AM MFI. (C) The changes of Fluo-4 AM levels in control and P. gingivalis-infected macrophages over a 50-min period. (D) Representative fluorescence images showing the levels of the mitochondrial Ca2+ (Rhod-2, red) in control and P. gingivalis-infected macrophages. (E) Quantification of Rhod-2 MFI. (F) The changes of Rhod-2 AM levels in control and P. gingivalis-infected macrophages over a 50-min period. (G) The MCU gene expression in macrophages between control, P. gingivalis, and P. gingivalis + MCU-i4 (MCU inhibitor, 10 uM) group. (H) Representative IF images showing the intracellular survival of P. gingivalis in macrophages between P. gingivalis and P. gingivalis + MCU-i4 groups. (I) Quantification of P. gingivalis MFI. (J) Quantification of phagocytic activity (OD 540 nm) in macrophages between P. gingivalis and P. gingivalis + MCU-i4 groups.

Deng, Su, Zhang et al 2026, Cell Proliferation · CC BY 4.0

RAB5c depletion impairs PI(3)P production and stable assembly of NOX2 machinery on phagosomes but increases phagosome ROS production. RAW264.7 cells or BMDMs expressing sh_Ctrl or sh_Rab5c. (A) Immunoblot of class III PI(3)K complex in BSA-bead- or IgG-bead-containing phagosomes from RAW264.7 cells. (B and C) Confocal images (shown as SMART LUT) (B) and p40phox-PX-Venus MFI at phagosomes (n = 18) (C) in RAW264.7-p40phox-PX-Venus cells fed Op-zym. *, phagosomes. (D and E) Immunoblot (D) and quantification (E) of LC3A/B-II in RAW246.7 cells +/- Op-zym (25 min), C8 (2 uM; 25 min), DMXAA (50 ug/ml; 1 hour), and PP242 (1 uM; 2 hours). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), loading control. NS, nonstimulated. (F) Immunoblot of NOX2 components in IgG-bead- or BSA-bead-containing phagosomes from RAW264.7 cells. (G to I) NBT assay in macrophages fed Op-zym. DIC images (G) and percentage of NBT+ phagosomes in RAW264.7 cells (H) and BMDMs (I). Arrowheads, NBT+ (red) or NBT- (yellow). (J to L) Confocal images (J) and p-p47phox MFI at phagosomes in RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym for 15 (K) or 40 (L) min. (M and N) Confocal images (M) and MFI (N) of p-ERK1/2 in RAW264.7 cells fed Op-zym (15 min). (O) Percentage of NBT+ phagosomes in RAW264.7 cells +/- ERK1/2 inhibitor (100 uM) for 10 min before Op-zym. Scale bars, 10 um.

Freitas-Filho, Zaidan, Alzamora-Terrel et al 2026, Science Advances · CC BY 4.0

Representative confocal images of PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells in serum-supplemented medium. (A) Control, unexposed PMA-differentiated cells. (B,C) PMA-differentiated cells (condition 1 and condition 2 respectively) exposed to NM-401 for 24 h. NM-401 particles are shown in white (reflectance). Blue indicates the nuclei (stained with Hoechst 33342), and in green the cell membrane (stained with Rhodamine Phalloidin), in red the lysosomes (stained with Lysotracker). Images are acquired on Zeiss LSM 880 (x63 objective). Scale bar: 10 um.

Attar, Rajabli, Chary et al 2026, Frontiers in Toxicology · CC BY 4.0

TREM2-deficient macrophages have increased parasite burden and decreased LAMP1 expression. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from naive C57BL/6 (WT) and TREM2 KO mice were infected with T. gondii at a MOI of 2. A) Representative 63X confocal images of WT and TREM2 KO BMDM infected with GFP+ T. gondii (green) for 1 hr or 6 hr and stained with DAPI (blue). B) Quantification of T. gondii parasites per 100 cells from the experiments in (A). C) Percent of BMDM with at least 1 parasite/cell from the experiments in (D). D) Representative 63X images of WT and TREM2 KO BMDMs infected over time with tdTomato+ T. gondii at a MOI of 2. E) Image of HFF plaque assay using parasites isolated from T. gondii-infected WT and TREM2 KO BMDM at 24 hpi. F) Percent of plaque area from the experiments in (E). G) Phagocytic index of WT or TREM2 KO BMDM as determined by the ratio of cells containing 4-BPB-treated parasites (phagocytosis) relative to vehicle-treated parasites (invasion). H) Confocal microscopy of F4/80 (blue), T. gondii (green), and LAMP1 (red) in 40X images of WT or TREM2 KO BMDMs incubated with 4-BPB-treated T. gondii (MOI = 10) for 1 hr. I) Quantification of LAMP1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) within F4/80 signal from WT or TREM2 KO BMDM incubated with vehicle- or 4-BPB-treated T. gondii.

Debray, Cheng, Ayala et al 2026, PLOS Pathogens · CC BY 4.0

Stained sections and smears 29

Pathology from the initial biopsy. The lesion consisted of large neoplastic cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nuclei, and increased mitotic activity. (A) H&E stain (X200), (B) H&E stain (X800).

Li M, et al. Gastric histiocytic sarcoma: a case report and literature review. Front Surg. 2026;13:1884156. PMID: 42609495 · CC BY 4.0

Photomicrograph showing alveolus cell types. 1 - Type II alveolar epithelial cell (type II pneumocyte). 2 - Type I alveolar epithelial cell (type I pneumocyte). 3 - Alveolar macrophage (alveolar macrophage; dust cell).

RWhitwam / Michael Hortsch, University of Michigan Medical School, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

Representative morphologic features of alveolar macrophages in healthy controls and sarcoidosis. (A) Representative Diff-Quik®–stained images of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens (scale bar = 40 μm, shown in figure). E, extra-large; L, large; M, medium; S, small. (A, left panel) Healthy individual: AM measuring 15–20 μm in diameter, with faintly basophilic cytoplasm and elongated, thin nuclei displaying unevenly distributed chromatin. Occasional cytoplasmic vacuoles are present. (A, right panel) Sarcoidosis patient: AMs enlarged to 20–30 μm with bright basophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei exhibiting relatively uniform chromatin, and prominent nucleoli. Numerous vacuolated AMs and lymphocyte attachment to the AM surface (rosette formation) are also observed. (B) Typical morphological features of sarcoidosis AMs (scale bar = 20 μm, shown in figure).

Ishida M, et al. Enlarged, activated alveolar macrophages as quantitative surrogates of disease activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1739663. PMID: 41658608 · CC BY 4.0

Micrograph showing hemosiderin-laden macrophages (also siderophages) in a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimen.

Librepath, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Overview of cells found in a bronchoalveolar lavage sample from two healthy cynomolgus macaques. (A) macaque #1, (B) macaque #2. Alveolar macrophages (Mφ) predominate, followed by lymphocytes (L). Neutrophil (N) and occasional ciliated columnar epithelial cells (E) are also present. Modified Giemsa. X50 objective. Oil immersion.

Pavot V, et al. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Healthy Cynomolgus Macaques. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:679248. PMID: 34113679 · CC BY

Morphology of cells found in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from healthy cynomolgus macaques. (A) Macrophages, one of them contains a pollen grain (arrow). (B) One lymphocyte (bottom left) and one eosinophil (upper right). (C) Bilobed eosinophil (bottom). (D) One well-preserved neutrophil (bottom left) and a macrophage (upper right). (E) Mast cell. Modified Giemsa. X100 objective. Oil immersion.

Pavot V, et al. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Healthy Cynomolgus Macaques. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:679248. PMID: 34113679 · CC BY

Lung tissue showing collections of alveolar macrophages with phagocytosed blackish pigment, carbon, without evoking an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue. H&E stain 100X.

Department of Pathology, Calicut Medical College · CC BY-SA 4.0

Activated macrophages with abnormal shapes and cytoplasmic vacuolization. (Original magnification ×1000 oil immersion {A through C}.)

Kaur G, et al. Morphologic Changes in Circulating Blood Cells of COVID-19 Patients. Cureus. 2021;13:e13416. PMID: 33758711 · CC BY 3.0

Cytology of a macrophage with typical features. Wright stain. Sample from cerebrospinal fluid.

Mikael Häggström, M.D. · CC0

Histopathological image of sarcoidosis. Lymph node biopsy. Note epithelioid granuloma. H & E stain.

KGH, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Histopathological image of sarcoidosis. Lymph node biopsy. Note epithelioid granuloma with asteroid bodies, which appear obscure. H & E stain.

KGH, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Phenotypic characterization of iPSC-derived macrophages continuously produced in intermediate scale bioreactors. A Number of viable cells harvested from the intermediate scale bioreactor for three different iPSC lines (iPSC line#1: n = 2, iPSC line#2: n = 2, iPSC line#3: n = 1, all individual values with mean +/− SD) over a time span of 7 weeks. Representative brightfield images and cytospin staining for iPSC-derived macrophages (iPSC-Mac) derived from harvest #1b, 3 and 5 for iPSC line#1.

Ackermann M, et al. Standardized generation of human iPSC-derived hematopoietic organoids and macrophages utilizing a benchtop bioreactor platform under fully defined conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15:171. PMID: 38886860 · CC BY 4.0

Effect of M-CSF and GM-CSF on FBGC formation. Percentage of macrophage fusion in response to (A) M-CSF (25–100 ng/mL) and (B) GM-CSF (2.5–10 ng/mL) with stacked bars showing the percentage of nuclei within FBGC containing a total of 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 10 and/or >10 nuclei/cell. Macrophages were cultured in the absence or presence of IL-4 (10 ng/mL), IL-13 (10 ng/mL) or both IL-4 and IL-13 (5 ng/mL each) for 28 days. Data are means ± SEM of three donors. (C) Macrophages and FBGCs were stained with May-Grünwald and Giemsa. Images are representative of three independent experiments, scale bar 100 μm.

Stewart CL, et al. Cellular and microenvironmental cues that promote macrophage fusion and foreign body response. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1411872. PMID: 39034997 · CC BY 4.0

Ibrutinib-induced differentiation into fibrocyte-like cells Purified human monocytes were cultured in the presence of 100 ng/mL M-CSF. (A–F) Monocytes were cultured in serum-containing medium in the absence (A, C, E) or presence (B, D, F) of 10 μM Ibrutinib. After 10 days, cells were air-dried, fixed and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa solutions for optic microscopy (A, B) or captured unstained for interference microscopy (C–F). Monocytes cultured with only M-CSF (A, C, E) displayed a fried-egg or slightly spindle shape with round nuclei, typical of M-CSF-differentiated cells. Monocytes treated with Ibrutinib (B, D, F) displayed a fibrocyte-like morphology with an elongated shape.

Ferrarini I, et al. Monocyte-to-macrophage switch reversibly impaired by Ibrutinib. Oncotarget. 2019;10:1943-1956. PMID: 30956776 · CC BY 3.0

Histopathological features of STB. Representative H&E images from STB lesions. Panels (A-L) were selected from different STB patients to illustrate recurrent lesion-level pathological patterns observed in the cohort. The annotations indicate representative histopathological features: yellow arrows and asterisks indicate multinucleated/Langhans-type giant cells; white arrows and circles indicate caseous granulomas; and brown-red arrows indicate epithelioid cells.

Liu Q, et al. Integrated histopathology and single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct pathological features and foamy macrophage characteristics in spinal tuberculosis and brucellar spondylitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1909083. PMID: 42698543 · CC BY 4.0

Tuberculoid granuloma associating epithelioid cells, Langhans' multinucleated giant cells and caseous necrosis (upper right)

Humpath, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Presiding over a noncaseating granuloma.

Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA · CC BY 2.0

Representative images of lung tissue specimens with (A) hematoxylin eosin staining, (B) alcian blue staining, (C) Elastica van Gieson and (D) Masson-Goldner staining of COVID–/ARDS–, COVID+/ARDS+ and COVID–/ARDS+ patients. Scale bar 100 µm.

Silawal S, et al. A Histological Analysis and Detection of Complement Regulatory Protein CD55 in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Lungs. Life (Basel). 2024;14:1249. PMID: 39337843 · CC BY 4.0

Cytospin generation and annotation. (A) The cell fraction of bronchoalveolar lavage or sputum was applied to glass slides by centrifugation, stained with May Grumwald Giemsa based solutions and then digitally imaged by microscopy. (B) Representative digital images at × 4 (overview) and × 100 magnification (inset). (C) Average time in seconds for assessors to annotate a × 100 magnification sample image tiles by four separate annotation modalities.

Lee SMW, et al. Differential cell counts using center-point networks achieves human-level accuracy and efficiency over segmentation. Sci Rep. 2021;11:16917. PMID: 34413367 · CC BY 4.0

Micrograph showing hemosiderin-laden macrophages (also siderophages) in a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimen.

Librepath, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Lung tissue showing collections of alveolar macrophages with phagocytosed blackish pigment, carbon, without evoking an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue. H&E stain 4X.

Department of Pathology, Calicut Medical College · CC BY-SA 4.0

Kidney - Miliary tuberculosis

Yale Rosen from USA · CC BY-SA 2.0

Histopathology specimen of tuberculous meningitis - HE stain

Jensflorian · CC BY-SA 4.0

Histopathology of miliary tuberculosis having caused the death of a 82-year-old female. It shows epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells (H & E stain) from kidney and spleen micronodules (left images) with acid-fast bacilli.

Benjamin Herreros, Isabel Plaza, Rebeca Garcia, Marta Chichon, Carmen Guerrero and Emilio Pintor · CC BY 4.0

Pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing epithelioid granulomas. H&E stain.

CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing epithelioid granulomas. H&E stain.

CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Kupffer cell with hemosiderin and hepatocyte with lipofuscin, H&E stain

Mikael Häggström, M.D. · CC0 1.0

High magnification micrograph showing Kupffer cells, in the setting of a resolving congestive hepatopathy. Liver biopsy. Trichrome stain.

Nephron (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA 3.0

Bronchoalveolar lavage cytospin from a healthy volunteer showing predominantly alveolar macrophages with abundant pale cytoplasm and bean-shaped nuclei. Occasional lymphocytes visible as expected in normal BAL differential.

Tsitoura E 2021, Frontiers in immunology · CC BY 4.0

Light microscopy 3

A macrophage of a mouse forming two processes to phagocytize two smaller particles, possibly pathogens.

Obli (original uploader, English Wikipedia) · CC BY-SA 2.0

Macrophage cell in early stages of infection with African swine fever virus, magnified about 1,000x.

Keith Weller, USDA ARS · Public domain

Observations of macrophage-fibre interactions. a, After taking up the long silver nanowire of the aged AG-Rods-3170 variant, the macrophage continued to take up a fibre with an extended pseudopod (left panel), initiating bending which results in higher curvature of the fibre (right panel). b, Afterwards, the cell increased its size to ca. 25 μm and the fibre spring extended (left panel). The macrophage attempted to constrain the fibre by decreasing its size to ca. 17 μm (right panel). c, The cell maintained the shape of the fibre spiral while still actively extending pseudopodia.

Broßell D, et al. Macrophages bend long fibres with flexural rigidity lower than 3 mN·nm² to avoid frustrated phagocytosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2026;23:21. PMID: 41845490 · CC BY 4.0

Figures and diagrams 3

Phagocytosis: five steps from recognition to digestion. Labeled illustration.

phago.site · original

Multinucleated giant cell variants: epithelioid histiocyte, foreign-body type (scattered nuclei), and Langhans type (peripheral nuclei). Labeled illustration.

phago.site · original

Tissue-resident macrophage subtypes: six named variants with tissue location and key markers.

phago.site · original

Publications 128

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Publications page holds the dated feed.

  1. Deng DK, Su MJ, Zhang MY, Tan YJ, Kongling W, Wang HY, et al. Magnesium Enhances Immune Clearance of P. gingivalis in Macrophages by Suppressing MCU-Mediated Mitochondrial Calcium Overload. Cell Prolif. 2026:e70282. PMID: 42790879. research paper
  2. Sánchez-Salgado JL, Pereyra A, Henao W, Torres-Barrón J, Ortiz-Chavez G, Ramírez E, et al. O-GlcNAcylation in Macrophage Functions. Glycobiology. 2026. PMID: 42788889. research paper
  3. Manoharan V, Rains KM, Ibarra TR, Vaidhyalingham AB, Pistone TR, Awogbesan PO, et al. P2X4 purinergic receptor loss alters macrophage homeostasis, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis in a myeloid-specific P2X4 purinergic receptor knockout mouse. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1916582. PMID: 42787191. research paper
  4. Cai Y, Chen Y, Li C, Chen H, Ji Y, Zhang S, et al. A low-molecular-weight glucan from Lycium barbarum reprograms tumor-associated macrophages involving the Dectin-1/NOX2 axis to suppress hepatoma. Carbohydr Polym. 2026;391:125802. PMID: 42785852. research paper
  5. Premarathna AD, Dziubinska-Kuehn KM, Saravanan M, Sooäär A, Reile I, Ahmed TAE, et al. Resolution-Phase Immunometabolic Reprogramming by Gelidiopsis variabilis Polysaccharides: Macrophage Polarization and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy. Mar Drugs. 2026;24:299. PMID: 42783892. research paper
  6. Wei W, Xu J. Failed resolution as a mechanistic basis of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: stromal-myeloid crosstalk in the synovium and emerging resolution-restoring therapies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1935792. PMID: 42769565. research paper
  7. Lin HH, Sivasubramanian K, Roberti A, Gordon S. The Mononuclear Phagocyte System: A Dispersed Organ; Introduction and Comments. Biomed J. 2026:101041. PMID: 42767425. research paper
  8. Luo S, Zhong X, Sun J, Cheng Y, Wu X, Tan M, et al. Reprogramming immunological debris clearance with astaxanthin-loaded engineered probiotic vesicles suppresses colorectal tumorigenesis. Biomaterials. 2026;338:124633. PMID: 42766960. research paper
  9. Duarte-Zambrano L, Martínez-Barnetche J, Alvarado-Delgado A, Garza-Ramos U. An overview of innate cellular immune responses against hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: from evasion strategies to liver abscess formation. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2026;15:2732725. PMID: 42765366. research paper
  10. Hao Y, Chen X, Wang M, Han J, Pan J, Zhang L, et al. A Myeloid-Specific Endogenous TRP1-CAR Knock-in Mouse Model for Melanoma-Targeted Immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther. 2026;15:628775. PMID: 42763759. research paper
  11. Zhang H, Yu Z, Gao D, Xia F, Li Y, He J, et al. The IL-4/IL-4R/STAT6 signaling axis regulates macrophage efferocytosis in osteoarthritis. Inflamm Res. 2026;75:218. PMID: 42762332. research paper
  12. Hu H, Chu H, Wu Z, Gan Z, Yang Y. Advances in the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883801. PMID: 42761821. research paper
  13. Sahu MR, Ezhil I, Akkanapally V, Kumar A, Liu JQ, Basu S. CD200-CD200R as a myeloid immune checkpoint in solid tumors: mechanisms, context-dependent functions, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1950382. PMID: 42761652. research paper
  14. Gu C, Chen Y, Huang W, Chai Y, Li X, Li W. Reveal the diagnostic value of a neutrophil inflammation- and cell death-associated gene signature in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105:e50592. PMID: 42760665. research paper
  15. Wang L, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen H, Zhang X, Luo X, et al. Pachymic Acid Accelerated Diabetic Ulcer Healing by Enhancing Macrophage Efferocytosis via the MEK/ERK/TGFβ1 Signaling Axis. J Diabetes Res. 2026;2026:e2139238. PMID: 42760597. research paper
  16. Bai Z, Peng B, Luo T, Sun L. Macrophage TMEM175-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Cathepsins Drives Bacterial Killing in Sepsis. J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e2046607. PMID: 42757770. research paper
  17. Sharma D, Hager CG, Bushnell GG, Kalman AP, Shapiro GF, Xendzova KA, et al. Targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins reprograms macrophages and inhibits breast cancer progression. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1738705. PMID: 42756154. research paper
  18. Hollmann C, Chan Park E, Liu Z, Nourollahi F, Bašēns EE, Dietz J, et al. Drug-induced metabolic remodeling promotes antimicrobial activity in macrophages and extends longevity in vivo. Life Sci Alliance. 2026;9:e202603852. PMID: 42754384. research paper
  19. Fukushima K, Iwanaga N, Takeda K, Hirayama T, Yoshida M, Ide S, et al. Prevotella intermedia culture supernatant impairs alveolar macrophage function and promotes Mycobacterium avium persistence. Virulence. 2026;17:2728453. PMID: 42745449. research paper
  20. Huang H, Chen TX, Xu B, Yu Y, He H, Yi Q, et al. Photocatalytic Construction of Multivalent Peptide-Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Conjugates Capable of Effectively Attenuating Phagocytosis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026. PMID: 42742063. research paper
  21. Yang K, Tao S, Liu R, Li J, Xie Z, Chang X, et al. Natural Products Modulate Plaque Macrophage Functional Programs in Atherosclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2026;20:608671. PMID: 42741516. research paper
  22. Zha X, Zheng G, Wang H, Alhalabi OT, Heller R, Hatami M, et al. Transplantation of LPS, IL-4, and TGF-β-induced reparative-biased macrophages promotes early motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. J Orthop Translat. 2026;60:101219. PMID: 42740843. research paper
  23. Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhao J, Zhao J, Guo Y, Yan W. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LPB27: Effectively Enhances the Immune System by Improving the Intestinal Environment. Foods. 2026;15:3033. PMID: 42737277. research paper
  24. Shen Y, Zhang L, Li X, Gong Y, Zhang C, Wang G, et al. Timd4+ cardiac resident macrophages promote neutrophil chemotaxis and exacerbate sepsis-associated myocardial injury. Int Immunopharmacol. 2026;189:117381. PMID: 42735472. research paper
  25. Li S, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Ma C. Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Macrophage Efferocytosis in Tumors: Emerging Implications for Immunotherapy Biomarkers and Therapeutic Timing. Cancer Med. 2026;15:e72195. PMID: 42734102. research paper
  26. Zhang P, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Liu S, Yuan Y, et al. Nanoengineered GATA3+ Macrophages Transplantation Reconstitutes the Muscle Stem Cells Niche for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine. 2026;21:623194. PMID: 42733887. research paper
  27. Mao L, Wang C, Wang K, Zhong C, Shi Z, Yuan Y, et al. SIK3-mKO Enhances Myelin Debris Phagocytosis via CD11c Complement Pathway for White Matter Protection Poststroke. Stroke. 2026. PMID: 42723606. research paper
  28. Xu Z, Shi F, Xiang Z, Guo R, Wen Z, Qu Y, et al. African swine fever virus impairs porcine alveolar macrophages bactericidal function by disrupting lysosomal acidification and cathepsin activity. PLoS Pathog. 2026;22:e1014573. PMID: 42721219. research paper
  29. Earhart AP, Lopez AE, Hernandez JI, Nallapu A, Chavez D, Suthakaran S, et al. The C3-C3aR axis modulates trained immunity in alveolar macrophages. Elife. 2026;14:RP104977. PMID: 42720115. research paper
  30. Blay-Benach M, Cuenca-Lara P, Moraleda J, Cervera Z, Repullés J, Pérez de Val B. In vitro priming with Mycobacterium fortuitum induces trained immunity-associated phenotypes in caprine alveolar macrophages and enhances phagosomal maturation and antimicrobial functions upon homologous re-stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1927556. PMID: 42718904. research paper
  31. Pezzana S, Broggiato M, Limanaqi F, Vezzoli E, Zecchini S, Valsecchi L, et al. Micro- and nanoplastics remodel the autophagy-lysosomal axis and mitochondrial function in primary human monocytes. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919477. PMID: 42718517. research paper
  32. Das Ghatak P, Muniz de Oliveira F, Yadav A, Abouhashem AS, Srivastava R, Banerjee P, et al. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection impairs efferocytosis in wound-macrophages via induction of a MARCOhiMERTKlo subset. Cell Rep. 2026;45:117915. PMID: 42709547. research paper
  33. Riviere NA, Jiang L, Wu X, Farace P, Guo L, Smith LY, et al. Global expression profile of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in phagosome of murine macrophages. Braz J Microbiol. 2026;57:261. PMID: 42709281. research paper
  34. Wen Y, Liao Y, Zhang W, Chen H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, and Immunoregulatory Activities of Polysaccharide from the Ficus pumila Linn. J Food Sci. 2026;91:e71429. PMID: 42708245. research paper
  35. Wang MQ, Zhu J, Liu CY, Yu XL, Huang YR, Zhang L, et al. Targeted phagocytosis of TNF-α by CAR macrophages restores immune homeostasis in arthritis. Theranostics. 2026;16:9007-9029. PMID: 42708095. research paper
  36. Mooij L, Meesters-Ensing JI, Calkoen FG, van der Lugt J, Meyaard L, Nierkens S, et al. TAMing the tumor: targeting immune inhibitory receptors on tumor-associated macrophages in pediatric brain tumors - an emerging immunotherapy strategy. J Immunother Cancer. 2026;14:e015513. PMID: 42705864. research paper
  37. Hasterok S, Berggren K, Af Klinteberg C, Eriksson H, Ohlsson L, Gustafsson A. In vitro differentiation and phenotypic profiling of Langerhans cell subsets derived from human peripheral blood monocytes. Immunol Res. 2026;74:103. PMID: 42704586. research paper
  38. Arroyo-Xochihua O, Sánchez-Medina A, López-Franco , Olivares-Bañuelos TN, Zepeda RC. Chemical profiling of Egregia menziesii and anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1529. PMID: 42700334. research paper
  39. Liu Q, Guo H, Liu J, Tao Z, Ma L, Gu Z, et al. Integrated histopathology and single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct pathological features and foamy macrophage characteristics in spinal tuberculosis and brucellar spondylitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1909083. PMID: 42698543. research paper
  40. Sabatino V, Tang C, Acúrcio RC, Coelho AR, Müller FM, Fontes M, et al. Bifunctional Phagocytic Synapse Enhancers Remodel the Tumor Microenvironment to Overcome Immunosuppression. Cancer Res. 2026. PMID: 42696459. research paper
  41. Li D, Li N, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen L, et al. UBA1 enhances phagocytosis by suppressing CD47 expression in small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2026;16:1838900. PMID: 42694822. research paper
  42. Bai X, Yao J, Abdallah S, Huang H, Liu S, Jin Z, et al. Big data analytics for CLEC5A dynamics based on single cell genomics and proteomics reveal its diverse functions in human diseases. Nanotheranostics. 2026;10:158-178. PMID: 42694630. research paper
  43. Kubota Y, Tsuboya T, Murakami M, Uehara S, Suzuki S. Postbiotic Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 induces IL-10 production through macrophage scavenger receptor 1-mediated phagocytosis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1901007. PMID: 42694064. research paper
  44. Wagner F, Stelzner K, Boyny A, Koch R, Rudel T. Cytofluorometric analysis of cell death in primary human neutrophils. Methods Cell Biol. 2026;210:115-136. PMID: 42692553. research paper
  45. Jin H, Holland S, Jha A, Aziz M, Wang P. Role of DLL4 in Neutrophil Aging and Impaired Clearance in Sepsis. Inflamm Res. 2026;75:194. PMID: 42690422. research paper
  46. Zhao P, Li H, Wang X, Di N, Liu Y, Tian L, et al. Association of c-Myc and Immune Cell Infiltration in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2026;31:52899. PMID: 42689997. research paper
  47. Nakashima F, Otsuka Y, Aoyama T, Hirade N, Sei H, Hattori H, et al. Adductome-Based Identification of Novel Oxidized Phospholipid-Lysine Adducts Formed in Low-Density Lipoprotein. Biochemistry. 2026;65:2689-2698. PMID: 42689532. research paper
  48. Toma C, Suzuki T. Evaluation of Intracellular Trafficking in Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3068:293-300. PMID: 42681500. research paper
  49. Noa YR, Loriamini M, Cen S, Tong TN, Hillis LK, Sandhu G, et al. In Vitro Phagocytosis Assays. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:719-740. PMID: 42681445. research paper
  50. Hernández-Armengol R, Paul K, Chang CY, Lee JY, Hudson KE, Gibb DR. Examining Inflammatory Effects of Reticulocyte Erythrophagocytosis in Human Macrophage Cultures. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:641-658. PMID: 42681441. research paper
  51. Hegde S, Zheng Y, Cancelas JA. Quantification of Human Platelet Clearance In Vitro and in Xenotransfused Animals. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:231-241. PMID: 42681417. research paper
  52. Pavon Oro A, Tawhidi Z, Hussain Z, Cruz-Leal Y, Tundidor Y, Gil Gonzalez L, et al. Microscopy-Based Methods for Measuring Platelet and Red Blood Cell Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:119-137. PMID: 42681410. research paper
  53. Shi C, Li W, He F, Ma J, Jia P, Huo W, et al. Elucidation of the immunotoxicity of PEDOT: PSS on RAW264.7 macrophages by oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and NF-κB pathway activation. J Environ Sci (China). 2026;168:806-821. PMID: 42680437. research paper
  54. Li J, Xu X, Wang G, Huang Z, Xie J. Synergistic enhancement of physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides through co-culture solid-state fermentation with endophytic cellulase-producing fungi. Food Res Int. 2026;242:120036. PMID: 42680330. research paper
  55. Hu H, Han T, Huang Q, Gong P, Liu J, Wang H, et al. Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 5 (SLC1A5)-dependent glutamine transport regulates macrophage senescence and efferocytosis during liver regeneration. Mol Biomed. 2026;7:155. PMID: 42678502. research paper
  56. Huai Q, Zhu C, Huang H, Cheng L, Deng X, Wang Y, et al. MSCs overexpressing FGF21 alleviate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by eliciting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Hepatol Commun. 2026;10:e1018. PMID: 42678243. research paper
  57. Jain S, Salian K, Shah V, Nongthomba U. Beadex modulates haematopoiesis and innate immune defence against microbial infection in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci. 2026;139:jcs264524. PMID: 42677945. research paper
  58. Xia Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Liu G, Chen D, Kang L, et al. Musculin enhances the immune function of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2026;51:158-166. PMID: 42677049. research paper
  59. Liu H, Tang W, Zheng H, Ma W, Shu J, Zhang H, et al. Methylsulfonylmethane protects against lethal MRSA infection via binding to PIK3CB to increase macrophage phagocytic function and nitric oxide production. Life Sci. 2026;404:124662. PMID: 42674255. research paper
  60. Li J, Wang L, Wang Y, Cui Y, Qin Z, Wang Y, et al. Immunomodulation of mixed postbiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KLDS1.0318 and KLDS1.0386 in vitro and in vivo. Arch Microbiol. 2026;208:603. PMID: 42671468. research paper
  61. Ting SM, Aronowski J. How to improve recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage: Hematoma clearance as a therapeutic target. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2026:271678X261485752. PMID: 42670032. research paper
  62. Wójcik-Bojek U, Rywaniak J, Sadowska B. Will It Be Possible in the Future to Target Innate Immunity Against Staphylococcus aureus Using Resident Microbiota and Plant Extracts? J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e3556897. PMID: 42667544. research paper
  63. Öktem M, Yurtseven B, Aydemir E, Ayaz F. Nortriptyline exerts context-dependent cytokine modulation and reduces pHrodo-associated phagocytic response in activated J774.2 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1485. PMID: 42667302. research paper
  64. Chang H, Liu Y, Yang X, Han Y. Transcriptomic Signatures of Microglial Phagocytosis Reveal Diagnostic Markers and Immune Landscape in Alzheimer's Disease. FASEB J. 2026;40:e72240. PMID: 42663999. research paper
  65. Tang S, Liu H. Efferocytosis failure in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: receptor-level mechanisms of unresolved type 2 inflammation. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1938524. PMID: 42662713. research paper
  66. Tabakha M, Shah R, Tomov S, Amram JR, Palazzolo D, Cuadra GA. Impact of E-Liquids on Phagocytosis, Escape and Invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathogens. 2026;15:870. PMID: 42654808. research paper
  67. Brüggenthies-Brunner JB, Dittmer J, Sauer J, Groetzner S, Liu A, Martin E, et al. Identification of a NUAK1/2 Inhibitor as a Macrophage-Polarizing Compound by a Machine Learning-Based Phenotypic Cell Painting Screen. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7279. PMID: 42653284. research paper
  68. Yi X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zhang Z. The Multifaceted Roles of Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Cytokine Networks to the Discovery of Novel Subsets. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7137. PMID: 42653141. research paper
  69. Li X, Guo J, Meng T, Yu N, Mai Y, Yang J, et al. Bio-Engineered Fungal-MOF Nanoplatform Synergizes Macrophage Polarization and Checkpoint Blockade for Potent Melanoma Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2026;15:e71650. PMID: 42649590. research paper
  70. Sahebi K, Bordbar M, Eslamzadeh S, Hosseinpour-Soleimani F, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A, et al. Macrophage trafficking and efferocytosis in atherosclerotic plaque regression: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 2026;203:119872. PMID: 42648028. research paper
  71. Miyazaki T, Shiraishi A, Sugiura Y, Shiozawa E, Mizuno S, Yamaguchi M, et al. Aberrant alternative splicing memorized in adipose tissue macrophages impedes efferocytosis during postobesity weight loss. Sci Transl Med. 2026;18:eadv0221. PMID: 42647594. research paper
  72. Kiseleva V, Vishnyakova P, Kosyreva A, Karpulevich E, Tsvetkov I, Mashkova O, et al. Dual knockdown of Scn1b and Gsdmd induces an M2-like functional state in macrophages and modulates inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1463. PMID: 42645638. research paper
  73. Zhao L, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, et al. A bioorthogonal nanoconcentrisome system for epigenetic and immunometabolic reprogramming of tissue regeneration in aged female rats. Nat Commun. 2026;17:8978. PMID: 42642399. research paper
  74. Shao S, Pan W, Cheng J, Zheng Y, Chen L, Chen Y, et al. Bioinspired porous metal-amino acid nanozymes enable multi-pathway treatment of atherosclerosis through anti-oxidation and pro-efferocytosis. Nat Commun. 2026;17:8996. PMID: 42642372. research paper
  75. Bao Y, Chen Z, Jia X. Microglial immunosurveillance after ischemic stroke: dynamic phenotypes, neurovascular interactions, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1893074. PMID: 42639315. research paper
  76. Yu Q, Qu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo S, Luo F, et al. Neutrophil-derived apoptotic bodies function as decoy signals to preserve bone integrity during infectious osteomyelitis. Bone Res. 2026;14:90. PMID: 42637734. research paper
  77. Yang X, Fatima S, Sampere-Birlanga S, Ware A, Shumliakivska M, Zanders L, et al. Mutation-resolved single-cell transcriptomics reveals enhanced β-amyloid clearance in TET2-mutant human monocytes. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e208804. PMID: 42635046. research paper
  78. Jiang S, Xie R, Chen S, Cheng H, Lan Z, Xie D. [Advances in macrophage and neutrophil crosstalk in chronic respiratory diseases]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2026;42:735-742. PMID: 42634909. research paper
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  82. Huang Y, Zhang J, Tu K, Ye W, Zou S, Tang Z, et al. Molecular innate immune programs of tumor-associated macrophages in immune checkpoint blockade resistance: a staged framework from suppressive circuitry to translational bottlenecks. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1881958. PMID: 42626172. research paper
  83. Bai L, Xu B, Chen Y, Fu D, Wang L, Ma D. The CD47 signaling axis regulates the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques: mechanism analysis and targeting strategies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1850727. PMID: 42621875. research paper
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  85. Hosseini Far H, Ying L, Gearing LJ, Wibawa RR, Wilson TJ, Motezadian A, et al. Highly Efficient Derivation of Functional Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Macrophages under Serum-Free Conditions to Study Innate Immune Responses. J Innate Immun. 2026;18:430-447. PMID: 42616689. research paper
  86. Zhang Y, Shen J, Xue W, Mao C, Wang Z, Lei Z, et al. [Mechanistic study on alleviation of Schistosoma japonicum infection-induced hepatic damages by macrophage efferocytosis]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. 2026;38:274-286. PMID: 42613879. research paper
  87. Li H, Dai X. Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages and interferon-gamma signaling to overcome therapeutic resistance in cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2026;287:156658. PMID: 42612341. research paper
  88. Kuo WH, Chang RC, Lee YH, Liu YC, Chan SH. Time-Lapse Imaging of Antibody-Driven Macrophage Phagocytosis of Green Fluorescence Protein-Labeled Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. J Vis Exp. 2026. PMID: 42611750. research paper
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  90. Klatt S, Marquardt G, Faxel M, Rubner S, Papasotiriou I. Comparison of THP-1 Subtypes Reveals Differences on Transcriptomic and Protein Expression Level Throughout Their Immunological Differentiation. J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e9427482. PMID: 42605270. research paper
  91. Lapin D, Aylar D, Sharma A, Wang P. Extracellular CIRP Dysregulates Microglial Efferocytosis in Acute Ischemic Stroke via the TLR4/miR-155/MafB Axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e77053. PMID: 42603289. research paper
  92. Ren T, Jiang X, Wu J, Yan C, Peng L, Chen C, et al. PPARα deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis progressing through enhancing pTh17 cells-macrophage crosstalk. Eur J Pharmacol. 2026;1032:179247. PMID: 42601006. research paper
  93. Amalina TN, Alsagaff H, Sofa SL, Shofiyah S, Sunaryo BF, Lova K, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (iMacs) in translational medicine: Disease models, drug testing, and therapeutic applications. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1409. PMID: 42599347. research paper
  94. Guo L, Yin Z, Zhang N, Chen H, Wang Z, Huang Y, et al. IL-15 aggravates cardiac ischemic injury via impairing macrophage efferocytosis and driving inflammation. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2026;27:856-871. PMID: 42599177. research paper
  95. Li DD, Li H, Niu WX, Li H, Lee JH. A quorum sensing antagonist with dual bacterium- and host-directed anti-pathogenic activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virulence. 2026;17:2712735. PMID: 42599049. research paper
  96. Zhang L, Hu R, Qin K, Wang X, Wu C, Liu Z, et al. The Specialized Proresolving Mediator Maresin 1 Alleviated Neuropathic Pain Exacerbated by High-Fat Diet via Regulating Neuroinflammation. Pain Res Manag. 2026;2026:e1157250. PMID: 42590880. research paper
  97. Min D, Kim H, Choi EJ, Park NH, Jang G, Park WS, et al. Moranoline-Enriched Bacillus velezensis AmoreLumina Culture Extract Attenuates Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Acne-Prone Skin. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6837. PMID: 42589493. research paper
  98. Mosallanejad K, Hubeau C, Schwartz Sterman A, Tan Y. Macrophages and the Tissue Repair Circuit: Homeostasis, Autoimmune Diseases, and Resolution-Based Therapeutic Strategies. Cells. 2026;15:1412. PMID: 42587820. research paper
  99. Moran G, Duarte-Olivenza C, Hurle JM, Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI. Beyond Immunity: Macrophages as Regulators of Vertebrate Morphogenesis. Cells. 2026;15:1330. PMID: 42587740. research paper
  100. Lee D, Vicari JM, Porras C, Spencer C, Pjanic M, Wang X, et al. Plasticity of human microglia and brain perivascular macrophages in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2026;58:2152-2163. PMID: 42581323. research paper
  101. He M, Zhao Y, Cao J, Li Z, Wang L, Hou S, et al. A potent anti-CD47 antibody decoupling anti-tumor efficacy from hematotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2026;187:117268. PMID: 42580138. research paper
  102. Piatakova A, Smahel M. Macrophages in tumors with downregulated MHC-I expression: emerging therapeutic opportunities and translational challenges. Clin Exp Immunol. 2026;220:uxag047. PMID: 42579859. research paper
  103. Wang F, Wang X, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang S, Cai M, et al. Integrative transcriptomic and genetic analysis implicates fatty acid metabolic reprogramming in perivascular macrophages in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2026;41:181. PMID: 42579211. research paper
  104. Kuchiki S, Yokomori M, Muto S, Inami Y, Yui H, Yoshimoto K. Non-covalent aptamer decoration promotes THP1-MØ phagocytosis of bacteria by enhancing target proximity. Chem Commun (Camb). 2026;62:17884-17887. PMID: 42578952. research paper
  105. Debray HZ, Cheng D, Ayala LA, Lam T, Shin JH, Nicholas DA, et al. TREM2 plays a critical role in innate immune defense against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection by promoting macrophage antimicrobial activities. PLoS Pathog. 2026;22:e1014462. PMID: 42555664. research paper
  106. Attar N, Rajabli N, Chary A, Stoffels CBA, Serchi T, Weber P. Phenotypic and functional characterization of THP-1-derived macrophages: impact of serum and serum-free differentiation conditions on surface marker expression and immune function. Front Toxicol. 2026;8:1843205. PMID: 42453305. research paper
  107. Tan S, Yin W, Sun J, Xiong W, An Y, Qiao L, et al. Macrophage-mediated antibiotic evasion and competitive dominance of mcr-3-carrying Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 2026;22:e1014427. PMID: 42447151. research paper
  108. Al Jawazneh A, Liebold I, Leyk S, Lanzloth C, Brackrock V, López-López T, et al. Bile acid retention in efferocytic macrophages shapes their inflammatory status during cholangitis. J Exp Med. 2026;223:e20242079. PMID: 42334420. research paper
  109. Singh S, Berdal V, Deflandre C, Chen Z, Kremer L, Daher W. Organelle interplay in host responses and mycobacterial resilience. EMBO Rep. 2026;27:3912-3927. PMID: 42315648. research paper
  110. Wang Y, Xu X, Shen N, Han P, Wu L, Jin Y, et al. Aging Impairs Macrophage Phagocytosis Through Mitochondrial ROS-Induced Collagen Production. Aging Cell. 2026;25:e70594. PMID: 42298889. research paper
  111. Sierra-López F, Bernardo-Hernández S, Baylón-Pacheco L, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Iglesias-Vázquez V, Morales-López RM, et al. Use of the J774A.1 Cell Line as a Model in the In Vitro Study of Extracellular Vesicle Secretion from Histiocytic Sarcoma in Patients with Bacterial Co-Infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:4949. PMID: 42278472. research paper
  112. Kim TJ, Schneider S, Defreitas A, Walker LP, Shenker BJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Cellugyrin (Synaptogyrin-2) Regulates Macrophage Phagocytosis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). Pathogens. 2026;15:505. PMID: 42198631. research paper
  113. Hooda V, Singh A, Khandpur S, Arava S, Madan T, Sharma A. NK cell hyperactivation drives macrophage repolarization and limits M2 bias in pemphigus vulgaris. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1774059. PMID: 42183286. research paper
  114. Freitas-Filho EG, Zaidan I, Alzamora-Terrel DL, Bifano C, Fortes-Rocha M, de Castro PA, et al. RAB5c orchestrates LC3-associated phagocytosis to promote microbicidal function of macrophages. Sci Adv. 2026;12:eadz0196. PMID: 42102192. research paper
  115. Luo Y, Luo T, Li L, Sun Q, Li D, Huang S, et al. ANXA2-mediated Phagocytosis Generates AR+ Macrophages to Confer Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e75290. PMID: 41990247. research paper
  116. Broßell D, Meyer-Plath A, Gräb O, Heunisch E, Kämpf K, Haase A, et al. Macrophages bend long fibres with flexural rigidity lower than 3 mN·nm2 to avoid frustrated phagocytosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2026;23:15. PMID: 41845490. research paper
  117. Ishida M, Saraya T, Kitamura N, Nakata K, Ishii H. Enlarged, activated alveolar macrophages as quantitative surrogates of disease activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1739663. PMID: 41658608. research paper
  118. Silawal S, Gögele C, Pelikan P, Werner C, Levidou G, Mahato R, et al. A Histological Analysis and Detection of Complement Regulatory Protein CD55 in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Lungs. Life (Basel). 2024;14:1058. PMID: 39337843. research paper
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Granulomas and Disease 3

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Granulomas and Disease page holds the dated feed.

  1. Liu Q, Guo H, Liu J, Tao Z, Ma L, Gu Z, et al. Integrated histopathology and single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct pathological features and foamy macrophage characteristics in spinal tuberculosis and brucellar spondylitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1909083. PMID: 42698543. MeSH: Tuberculosis, Spinal
  2. Ishida M, Saraya T, Kitamura N, Nakata K, Ishii H. Enlarged, activated alveolar macrophages as quantitative surrogates of disease activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1739663. PMID: 41658608. keyword: sarcoidosis
  3. Lerner TR, Queval CJ, Fearns A, Repnik U, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates promote access to the cytosol and intracellular burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymphatic endothelial cells. BMC Biol. 2018;16:1. PMID: 29325545. MeSH: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Signaling 49

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Signaling page holds the dated feed.

  1. Manoharan V, Rains KM, Ibarra TR, Vaidhyalingham AB, Pistone TR, Awogbesan PO, et al. P2X4 purinergic receptor loss alters macrophage homeostasis, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis in a myeloid-specific P2X4 purinergic receptor knockout mouse. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1916582. PMID: 42787191. MeSH: Receptors, Purinergic P2X4
  2. Wei W, Xu J. Failed resolution as a mechanistic basis of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: stromal-myeloid crosstalk in the synovium and emerging resolution-restoring therapies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1935792. PMID: 42769565. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  3. Hao Y, Chen X, Wang M, Han J, Pan J, Zhang L, et al. A Myeloid-Specific Endogenous TRP1-CAR Knock-in Mouse Model for Melanoma-Targeted Immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther. 2026;15:628775. PMID: 42763759. keyword: chimeric antigen receptor
  4. Zhang H, Yu Z, Gao D, Xia F, Li Y, He J, et al. The IL-4/IL-4R/STAT6 signaling axis regulates macrophage efferocytosis in osteoarthritis. Inflamm Res. 2026;75:218. PMID: 42762332. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  5. Hu H, Chu H, Wu Z, Gan Z, Yang Y. Advances in the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883801. PMID: 42761821. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  6. Sahu MR, Ezhil I, Akkanapally V, Kumar A, Liu JQ, Basu S. CD200-CD200R as a myeloid immune checkpoint in solid tumors: mechanisms, context-dependent functions, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1950382. PMID: 42761652. MeSH: Orexin Receptors
  7. Wang L, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen H, Zhang X, Luo X, et al. Pachymic Acid Accelerated Diabetic Ulcer Healing by Enhancing Macrophage Efferocytosis via the MEK/ERK/TGFβ1 Signaling Axis. J Diabetes Res. 2026;2026:e2139238. PMID: 42760597. MeSH: MAP Kinase Signaling System
  8. Bai Z, Peng B, Luo T, Sun L. Macrophage TMEM175-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Cathepsins Drives Bacterial Killing in Sepsis. J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e2046607. PMID: 42757770. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  9. Earhart AP, Lopez AE, Hernandez JI, Nallapu A, Chavez D, Suthakaran S, et al. The C3-C3aR axis modulates trained immunity in alveolar macrophages. Elife. 2026;14:RP104977. PMID: 42720115. MeSH: Receptors, Complement
  10. Blay-Benach M, Cuenca-Lara P, Moraleda J, Cervera Z, Repullés J, Pérez de Val B. In vitro priming with Mycobacterium fortuitum induces trained immunity-associated phenotypes in caprine alveolar macrophages and enhances phagosomal maturation and antimicrobial functions upon homologous re-stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1927556. PMID: 42718904. MeSH: Cytokines
  11. Das Ghatak P, Muniz de Oliveira F, Yadav A, Abouhashem AS, Srivastava R, Banerjee P, et al. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection impairs efferocytosis in wound-macrophages via induction of a MARCOhiMERTKlo subset. Cell Rep. 2026;45:117915. PMID: 42709547. MeSH: Receptors, Immunologic
  12. Arroyo-Xochihua O, Sánchez-Medina A, López-Franco , Olivares-Bañuelos TN, Zepeda RC. Chemical profiling of Egregia menziesii and anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1529. PMID: 42700334. MeSH: Cytokines
  13. Bai X, Yao J, Abdallah S, Huang H, Liu S, Jin Z, et al. Big data analytics for CLEC5A dynamics based on single cell genomics and proteomics reveal its diverse functions in human diseases. Nanotheranostics. 2026;10:158-178. PMID: 42694630. MeSH: Receptors, Cell Surface
  14. Kubota Y, Tsuboya T, Murakami M, Uehara S, Suzuki S. Postbiotic Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 induces IL-10 production through macrophage scavenger receptor 1-mediated phagocytosis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1901007. PMID: 42694064. MeSH: Scavenger Receptors, Class A
  15. Jin H, Holland S, Jha A, Aziz M, Wang P. Role of DLL4 in Neutrophil Aging and Impaired Clearance in Sepsis. Inflamm Res. 2026;75:194. PMID: 42690422. MeSH: Receptor, Notch1
  16. Zhao P, Li H, Wang X, Di N, Liu Y, Tian L, et al. Association of c-Myc and Immune Cell Infiltration in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2026;31:52899. PMID: 42689997. keyword: ligand
  17. Hernández-Armengol R, Paul K, Chang CY, Lee JY, Hudson KE, Gibb DR. Examining Inflammatory Effects of Reticulocyte Erythrophagocytosis in Human Macrophage Cultures. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:641-658. PMID: 42681441. MeSH: Cytokines
  18. Pavon Oro A, Tawhidi Z, Hussain Z, Cruz-Leal Y, Tundidor Y, Gil Gonzalez L, et al. Microscopy-Based Methods for Measuring Platelet and Red Blood Cell Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:119-137. PMID: 42681410. MeSH: Receptors, IgG
  19. Shi C, Li W, He F, Ma J, Jia P, Huo W, et al. Elucidation of the immunotoxicity of PEDOT: PSS on RAW264.7 macrophages by oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and NF-κB pathway activation. J Environ Sci (China). 2026;168:806-821. PMID: 42680437. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  20. Li J, Wang L, Wang Y, Cui Y, Qin Z, Wang Y, et al. Immunomodulation of mixed postbiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KLDS1.0318 and KLDS1.0386 in vitro and in vivo. Arch Microbiol. 2026;208:603. PMID: 42671468. MeSH: Cytokines
  21. Wójcik-Bojek U, Rywaniak J, Sadowska B. Will It Be Possible in the Future to Target Innate Immunity Against Staphylococcus aureus Using Resident Microbiota and Plant Extracts? J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e3556897. PMID: 42667544. MeSH: Cytokines
  22. Öktem M, Yurtseven B, Aydemir E, Ayaz F. Nortriptyline exerts context-dependent cytokine modulation and reduces pHrodo-associated phagocytic response in activated J774.2 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1485. PMID: 42667302. MeSH: Cytokines
  23. Tang S, Liu H. Efferocytosis failure in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: receptor-level mechanisms of unresolved type 2 inflammation. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1938524. PMID: 42662713. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  24. Yi X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zhang Z. The Multifaceted Roles of Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Cytokine Networks to the Discovery of Novel Subsets. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7137. PMID: 42653141. MeSH: Cytokines
  25. Sahebi K, Bordbar M, Eslamzadeh S, Hosseinpour-Soleimani F, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A, et al. Macrophage trafficking and efferocytosis in atherosclerotic plaque regression: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 2026;203:119872. PMID: 42648028. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  26. Miyazaki T, Shiraishi A, Sugiura Y, Shiozawa E, Mizuno S, Yamaguchi M, et al. Aberrant alternative splicing memorized in adipose tissue macrophages impedes efferocytosis during postobesity weight loss. Sci Transl Med. 2026;18:eadv0221. PMID: 42647594. MeSH: Scavenger Receptors, Class B
  27. Kiseleva V, Vishnyakova P, Kosyreva A, Karpulevich E, Tsvetkov I, Mashkova O, et al. Dual knockdown of Scn1b and Gsdmd induces an M2-like functional state in macrophages and modulates inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1463. PMID: 42645638. MeSH: Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  28. Shao S, Pan W, Cheng J, Zheng Y, Chen L, Chen Y, et al. Bioinspired porous metal-amino acid nanozymes enable multi-pathway treatment of atherosclerosis through anti-oxidation and pro-efferocytosis. Nat Commun. 2026;17:8996. PMID: 42642372. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  29. Yu Q, Qu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo S, Luo F, et al. Neutrophil-derived apoptotic bodies function as decoy signals to preserve bone integrity during infectious osteomyelitis. Bone Res. 2026;14:90. PMID: 42637734. MeSH: Toll-Like Receptor 2
  30. Jiang S, Xie R, Chen S, Cheng H, Lan Z, Xie D. [Advances in macrophage and neutrophil crosstalk in chronic respiratory diseases]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2026;42:735-742. PMID: 42634909. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  31. Chen Z, Li H, Ji Q, Gao R, Zhang W, Wu W, et al. Intrahepatic Platelets Orchestrate Microenvironmental Remodelling and Cellular Crosstalk in Liver Fibrosis. Liver Int. 2026;46:e70848. PMID: 42627112. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  32. Huang Y, Zhang J, Tu K, Ye W, Zou S, Tang Z, et al. Molecular innate immune programs of tumor-associated macrophages in immune checkpoint blockade resistance: a staged framework from suppressive circuitry to translational bottlenecks. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1881958. PMID: 42626172. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  33. Bai L, Xu B, Chen Y, Fu D, Wang L, Ma D. The CD47 signaling axis regulates the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques: mechanism analysis and targeting strategies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1850727. PMID: 42621875. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  34. Hosseini Far H, Ying L, Gearing LJ, Wibawa RR, Wilson TJ, Motezadian A, et al. Highly Efficient Derivation of Functional Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Macrophages under Serum-Free Conditions to Study Innate Immune Responses. J Innate Immun. 2026;18:430-447. PMID: 42616689. MeSH: Cytokines
  35. Zhang Y, Shen J, Xue W, Mao C, Wang Z, Lei Z, et al. [Mechanistic study on alleviation of Schistosoma japonicum infection-induced hepatic damages by macrophage efferocytosis]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. 2026;38:274-286. PMID: 42613879. keyword: Scavenger receptor class A
  36. Li H, Dai X. Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages and interferon-gamma signaling to overcome therapeutic resistance in cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2026;287:156658. PMID: 42612341. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  37. Klatt S, Marquardt G, Faxel M, Rubner S, Papasotiriou I. Comparison of THP-1 Subtypes Reveals Differences on Transcriptomic and Protein Expression Level Throughout Their Immunological Differentiation. J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e9427482. PMID: 42605270. MeSH: Cytokines
  38. Lapin D, Aylar D, Sharma A, Wang P. Extracellular CIRP Dysregulates Microglial Efferocytosis in Acute Ischemic Stroke via the TLR4/miR-155/MafB Axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e77053. PMID: 42603289. MeSH: Toll-Like Receptor 4
  39. Ren T, Jiang X, Wu J, Yan C, Peng L, Chen C, et al. PPARα deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis progressing through enhancing pTh17 cells-macrophage crosstalk. Eur J Pharmacol. 2026;1032:179247. PMID: 42601006. MeSH: cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway
  40. Guo L, Yin Z, Zhang N, Chen H, Wang Z, Huang Y, et al. IL-15 aggravates cardiac ischemic injury via impairing macrophage efferocytosis and driving inflammation. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2026;27:856-871. PMID: 42599177. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  41. Lee D, Vicari JM, Porras C, Spencer C, Pjanic M, Wang X, et al. Plasticity of human microglia and brain perivascular macrophages in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2026;58:2152-2163. PMID: 42581323. MeSH: Receptors, Immunologic
  42. He M, Zhao Y, Cao J, Li Z, Wang L, Hou S, et al. A potent anti-CD47 antibody decoupling anti-tumor efficacy from hematotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2026;187:117268. PMID: 42580138. MeSH: Receptors, Immunologic
  43. Debray HZ, Cheng D, Ayala LA, Lam T, Shin JH, Nicholas DA, et al. TREM2 plays a critical role in innate immune defense against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection by promoting macrophage antimicrobial activities. PLoS Pathog. 2026;22:e1014462. PMID: 42555664. MeSH: Receptors, Immunologic
  44. Singh S, Berdal V, Deflandre C, Chen Z, Kremer L, Daher W. Organelle interplay in host responses and mycobacterial resilience. EMBO Rep. 2026;27:3912-3927. PMID: 42315648. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  45. Hooda V, Singh A, Khandpur S, Arava S, Madan T, Sharma A. NK cell hyperactivation drives macrophage repolarization and limits M2 bias in pemphigus vulgaris. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1774059. PMID: 42183286. MeSH: NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
  46. Luo Y, Luo T, Li L, Sun Q, Li D, Huang S, et al. ANXA2-mediated Phagocytosis Generates AR+ Macrophages to Confer Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e75290. PMID: 41990247. MeSH: Receptors, Androgen
  47. Ishida M, Saraya T, Kitamura N, Nakata K, Ishii H. Enlarged, activated alveolar macrophages as quantitative surrogates of disease activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1739663. PMID: 41658608. keyword: soluble interleukin-2 receptor
  48. Stewart CL, Hook AL, Zelzer M, Marlow M, Piccinini AM. Cellular and microenvironmental cues that promote macrophage fusion and foreign body response. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1411872. PMID: 39034997. MeSH: Cytokines
  49. Serafino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Andreola F, Zonfrillo M, Mercuri L, Federici M, et al. Stimulatory effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on innate cell-mediated immune response. BMC Immunol. 2008;9:17. PMID: 18423004. MeSH: Cytokines

Macrophage-Targeted Therapies 45

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Macrophage-Targeted Therapies page holds the dated feed.

  1. Cai Y, Chen Y, Li C, Chen H, Ji Y, Zhang S, et al. A low-molecular-weight glucan from Lycium barbarum reprograms tumor-associated macrophages involving the Dectin-1/NOX2 axis to suppress hepatoma. Carbohydr Polym. 2026;391:125802. PMID: 42785852. MeSH: Glucans/pharmacology
  2. Premarathna AD, Dziubinska-Kuehn KM, Saravanan M, Sooäär A, Reile I, Ahmed TAE, et al. Resolution-Phase Immunometabolic Reprogramming by Gelidiopsis variabilis Polysaccharides: Macrophage Polarization and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy. Mar Drugs. 2026;24:299. PMID: 42783892. MeSH: Macrophages/drug effects
  3. Wei W, Xu J. Failed resolution as a mechanistic basis of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: stromal-myeloid crosstalk in the synovium and emerging resolution-restoring therapies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1935792. PMID: 42769565. MeSH: Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
  4. Hu H, Chu H, Wu Z, Gan Z, Yang Y. Advances in the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883801. PMID: 42761821. MeSH: Periodontitis/drug therapy
  5. Wang L, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen H, Zhang X, Luo X, et al. Pachymic Acid Accelerated Diabetic Ulcer Healing by Enhancing Macrophage Efferocytosis via the MEK/ERK/TGFβ1 Signaling Axis. J Diabetes Res. 2026;2026:e2139238. PMID: 42760597. MeSH: Efferocytosis/drug effects
  6. Sharma D, Hager CG, Bushnell GG, Kalman AP, Shapiro GF, Xendzova KA, et al. Targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins reprograms macrophages and inhibits breast cancer progression. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1738705. PMID: 42756154. MeSH: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
  7. Hollmann C, Chan Park E, Liu Z, Nourollahi F, Bašēns EE, Dietz J, et al. Drug-induced metabolic remodeling promotes antimicrobial activity in macrophages and extends longevity in vivo. Life Sci Alliance. 2026;9:e202603852. PMID: 42754384. MeSH: Macrophages/drug effects
  8. Yang K, Tao S, Liu R, Li J, Xie Z, Chang X, et al. Natural Products Modulate Plaque Macrophage Functional Programs in Atherosclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2026;20:608671. PMID: 42741516. MeSH: Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
  9. Li S, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Ma C. Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Macrophage Efferocytosis in Tumors: Emerging Implications for Immunotherapy Biomarkers and Therapeutic Timing. Cancer Med. 2026;15:e72195. PMID: 42734102. MeSH: Immunotherapy
  10. Zhang P, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Liu S, Yuan Y, et al. Nanoengineered GATA3+ Macrophages Transplantation Reconstitutes the Muscle Stem Cells Niche for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine. 2026;21:623194. PMID: 42733887. MeSH: Regeneration/drug effects
  11. Pezzana S, Broggiato M, Limanaqi F, Vezzoli E, Zecchini S, Valsecchi L, et al. Micro- and nanoplastics remodel the autophagy-lysosomal axis and mitochondrial function in primary human monocytes. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919477. PMID: 42718517. MeSH: Lysosomes/drug effects
  12. Wen Y, Liao Y, Zhang W, Chen H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, and Immunoregulatory Activities of Polysaccharide from the Ficus pumila Linn. J Food Sci. 2026;91:e71429. PMID: 42708245. MeSH: Polysaccharides/pharmacology
  13. Mooij L, Meesters-Ensing JI, Calkoen FG, van der Lugt J, Meyaard L, Nierkens S, et al. TAMing the tumor: targeting immune inhibitory receptors on tumor-associated macrophages in pediatric brain tumors - an emerging immunotherapy strategy. J Immunother Cancer. 2026;14:e015513. PMID: 42705864. MeSH: Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
  14. Arroyo-Xochihua O, Sánchez-Medina A, López-Franco , Olivares-Bañuelos TN, Zepeda RC. Chemical profiling of Egregia menziesii and anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1529. PMID: 42700334. MeSH: Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
  15. Li D, Li N, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen L, et al. UBA1 enhances phagocytosis by suppressing CD47 expression in small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2026;16:1838900. PMID: 42694822. keyword: immunotherapy
  16. Jin H, Holland S, Jha A, Aziz M, Wang P. Role of DLL4 in Neutrophil Aging and Impaired Clearance in Sepsis. Inflamm Res. 2026;75:194. PMID: 42690422. MeSH: Receptor, Notch1/antagonists & inhibitors
  17. Hegde S, Zheng Y, Cancelas JA. Quantification of Human Platelet Clearance In Vitro and in Xenotransfused Animals. Methods Mol Biol. 2026;3053:231-241. PMID: 42681417. MeSH: rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
  18. Shi C, Li W, He F, Ma J, Jia P, Huo W, et al. Elucidation of the immunotoxicity of PEDOT: PSS on RAW264.7 macrophages by oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and NF-κB pathway activation. J Environ Sci (China). 2026;168:806-821. PMID: 42680437. MeSH: Oxidative Stress/drug effects
  19. Li J, Xu X, Wang G, Huang Z, Xie J. Synergistic enhancement of physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides through co-culture solid-state fermentation with endophytic cellulase-producing fungi. Food Res Int. 2026;242:120036. PMID: 42680330. MeSH: Polysaccharides/pharmacology
  20. Huai Q, Zhu C, Huang H, Cheng L, Deng X, Wang Y, et al. MSCs overexpressing FGF21 alleviate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by eliciting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Hepatol Commun. 2026;10:e1018. PMID: 42678243. MeSH: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
  21. Liu H, Tang W, Zheng H, Ma W, Shu J, Zhang H, et al. Methylsulfonylmethane protects against lethal MRSA infection via binding to PIK3CB to increase macrophage phagocytic function and nitric oxide production. Life Sci. 2026;404:124662. PMID: 42674255. MeSH: Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology
  22. Li J, Wang L, Wang Y, Cui Y, Qin Z, Wang Y, et al. Immunomodulation of mixed postbiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KLDS1.0318 and KLDS1.0386 in vitro and in vivo. Arch Microbiol. 2026;208:603. PMID: 42671468. MeSH: Macrophages/drug effects
  23. Wójcik-Bojek U, Rywaniak J, Sadowska B. Will It Be Possible in the Future to Target Innate Immunity Against Staphylococcus aureus Using Resident Microbiota and Plant Extracts? J Immunol Res. 2026;2026:e3556897. PMID: 42667544. MeSH: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  24. Öktem M, Yurtseven B, Aydemir E, Ayaz F. Nortriptyline exerts context-dependent cytokine modulation and reduces pHrodo-associated phagocytic response in activated J774.2 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1485. PMID: 42667302. MeSH: Nortriptyline/pharmacology
  25. Tabakha M, Shah R, Tomov S, Amram JR, Palazzolo D, Cuadra GA. Impact of E-Liquids on Phagocytosis, Escape and Invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathogens. 2026;15:870. PMID: 42654808. MeSH: Phagocytosis/drug effects
  26. Brüggenthies-Brunner JB, Dittmer J, Sauer J, Groetzner S, Liu A, Martin E, et al. Identification of a NUAK1/2 Inhibitor as a Macrophage-Polarizing Compound by a Machine Learning-Based Phenotypic Cell Painting Screen. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7279. PMID: 42653284. MeSH: Macrophages/drug effects
  27. Li X, Guo J, Meng T, Yu N, Mai Y, Yang J, et al. Bio-Engineered Fungal-MOF Nanoplatform Synergizes Macrophage Polarization and Checkpoint Blockade for Potent Melanoma Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2026;15:e71650. PMID: 42649590. MeSH: Immunotherapy
  28. Sahebi K, Bordbar M, Eslamzadeh S, Hosseinpour-Soleimani F, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A, et al. Macrophage trafficking and efferocytosis in atherosclerotic plaque regression: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 2026;203:119872. PMID: 42648028. MeSH: Macrophages/drug effects
  29. Shao S, Pan W, Cheng J, Zheng Y, Chen L, Chen Y, et al. Bioinspired porous metal-amino acid nanozymes enable multi-pathway treatment of atherosclerosis through anti-oxidation and pro-efferocytosis. Nat Commun. 2026;17:8996. PMID: 42642372. MeSH: Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
  30. Huang Y, Zhang J, Tu K, Ye W, Zou S, Tang Z, et al. Molecular innate immune programs of tumor-associated macrophages in immune checkpoint blockade resistance: a staged framework from suppressive circuitry to translational bottlenecks. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1881958. PMID: 42626172. MeSH: Tumor-Associated Macrophages/drug effects
  31. Huang T, Qiu Z, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Fang J, et al. Efferocytosis inhibition enhances the anticancer immune response of hybrid cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. Acta Biomater. 2026;222:488-501. PMID: 42617779. MeSH: Efferocytosis/drug effects
  32. Li H, Dai X. Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages and interferon-gamma signaling to overcome therapeutic resistance in cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2026;287:156658. PMID: 42612341. MeSH: Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
  33. Amalina TN, Alsagaff H, Sofa SL, Shofiyah S, Sunaryo BF, Lova K, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (iMacs) in translational medicine: Disease models, drug testing, and therapeutic applications. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1409. PMID: 42599347. MeSH: Drug Discovery
  34. Li DD, Li H, Niu WX, Li H, Lee JH. A quorum sensing antagonist with dual bacterium- and host-directed anti-pathogenic activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virulence. 2026;17:2712735. PMID: 42599049. MeSH: Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
  35. Zhang L, Hu R, Qin K, Wang X, Wu C, Liu Z, et al. The Specialized Proresolving Mediator Maresin 1 Alleviated Neuropathic Pain Exacerbated by High-Fat Diet via Regulating Neuroinflammation. Pain Res Manag. 2026;2026:e1157250. PMID: 42590880. MeSH: Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
  36. Min D, Kim H, Choi EJ, Park NH, Jang G, Park WS, et al. Moranoline-Enriched Bacillus velezensis AmoreLumina Culture Extract Attenuates Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Acne-Prone Skin. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6837. PMID: 42589493. MeSH: Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy
  37. He M, Zhao Y, Cao J, Li Z, Wang L, Hou S, et al. A potent anti-CD47 antibody decoupling anti-tumor efficacy from hematotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2026;187:117268. PMID: 42580138. MeSH: CD47 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
  38. Piatakova A, Smahel M. Macrophages in tumors with downregulated MHC-I expression: emerging therapeutic opportunities and translational challenges. Clin Exp Immunol. 2026;220:uxag047. PMID: 42579859. MeSH: Immunotherapy
  39. Kuchiki S, Yokomori M, Muto S, Inami Y, Yui H, Yoshimoto K. Non-covalent aptamer decoration promotes THP1-MØ phagocytosis of bacteria by enhancing target proximity. Chem Commun (Camb). 2026;62:17884-17887. PMID: 42578952. MeSH: Aptamers, Nucleotide/pharmacology
  40. Tan S, Yin W, Sun J, Xiong W, An Y, Qiao L, et al. Macrophage-mediated antibiotic evasion and competitive dominance of mcr-3-carrying Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 2026;22:e1014427. PMID: 42447151. MeSH: Escherichia coli/drug effects
  41. Luo Y, Luo T, Li L, Sun Q, Li D, Huang S, et al. ANXA2-mediated Phagocytosis Generates AR+ Macrophages to Confer Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e75290. PMID: 41990247. MeSH: Nitriles/pharmacology
  42. Broßell D, Meyer-Plath A, Gräb O, Heunisch E, Kämpf K, Haase A, et al. Macrophages bend long fibres with flexural rigidity lower than 3 mN·nm2 to avoid frustrated phagocytosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2026;23:15. PMID: 41845490. MeSH: Phagocytosis/drug effects
  43. Ackermann M, Saleh F, Abdin SM, Rafiei Hashtchin A, Gensch I, Golgath J, et al. Standardized generation of human iPSC-derived hematopoietic organoids and macrophages utilizing a benchtop bioreactor platform under fully defined conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15:171. PMID: 38886860. keyword: Drug screening
  44. Lerner TR, Queval CJ, Fearns A, Repnik U, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates promote access to the cytosol and intracellular burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymphatic endothelial cells. BMC Biol. 2018;16:1. PMID: 29325545. MeSH: Cytosol/drug effects
  45. Serafino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Andreola F, Zonfrillo M, Mercuri L, Federici M, et al. Stimulatory effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on innate cell-mediated immune response. BMC Immunol. 2008;9:17. PMID: 18423004. MeSH: Immunity, Innate/drug effects